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The Effects of Leadership Styles on Employee Performance: a Case of a Selected Commercial Bank in Botswana

Purpose: The leadership phenomenon is fundamental in providing employees with direction and emotional indulgence to derive maximum effort out of them. Therefore, it is vital that an organisation places uninhibited emphasis on the appropriate leadership style to enhance employee performance. Premised on the Collaborative Leadership Model, this paper sought to extricate the nexus between leadership style and employee performance at a selected bank in Botswana, focusing on the transactional, transformational, and participative leadership styles. Research methodology: The study adopted a positivist research paradigm coupled with a survey research design, while a quantitative methodology was used to collect data through a self-administered questionnaire. The study population comprised 433 employees from which a sample of 200 was randomly selected. Data was analysed through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), culminating in statistical techniques such as factor analysis, regression analysis and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results: The results of the study revealed that there was a significant utilisation of the participative, transformational, and transactional leadership styles at the selected commercial bank. However, while the use of the participative and transactional leadership styles had a positive and significant influence on employee performance, the transformational leadership style's effect was insignificant. Limitation:  The study only used quantitative data from employees for analysis and did not include bank leaders' opinions. Contribution: The study contributed to the expansion of the body of knowledge on leadership style and employee performance in the banking sector in Botswana and elsewhere and helped to unmask the shortcomings of some styles while exposing the power of others in reaping positive reinforcements leading to enhancement of employee performance. Keywords: Leadership, Leadership style, Employee performance, Participative leadership, Transformational leadership, Transactional leadership
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The Effect of Supply Chain Management Challenges on Research and Development Projects Using Fuzzy DEMATEL and TOPSIS Approach

Purpose: This paper aimed to identify, classify and prioritize supply chain management challenges for research-development projects in the R&D organization.Research Methodology: Based on previous literature and interview with related experts, the initial challenges of SCM for research-development projects in Iran organization were extracted. Thereafter, the identified challenges were finalized, classified, and prioritized. For this purpose, a semi-interview and questionnaire were designed, applied, and then analyzed using some statistical methods. Validation of the results was done through several interviews. Finally, the necessary modifications were made to the factors of environmental sustainability associated with the COVID-19 crisis. Results: In this study, the challenges of SCM for research-development projects in Iran organization were divided into six categories: cultural, motivational, contextual, process, infrastructural, and capabilities. Thereafter, suggested solutions were presented which describe how the challenges of SCM in research-development projects may be removed progressively. Limitations: This research is only described in project-based organizations. The study was limited to construction projects in different cities of Iran.Contribution: The prioritized challenges of SCM are a guideline for managers or decision-makers of R&D projects which will enable them, resolve challenges or improve on decision making. It also serves as a useful base for researchers to expand further research concerning the challenges of SCM in other research-development organizations. This study may present high value for researchers in the SCM field for research-development projects. Also, this study presents several solutions for the improvement of challenges considering the level of their importance to SCM.
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Village Fund Management Accountability in Kleseleon Village, Weliman District, Malaka Regency

Purpose: This study analyzes the accountability of village fund management in Kleseleon village, Weliman district, Malaka regency. Research methodology: This is qualitative research with a case study approach. Data were collected through observation, interviews and document searches. Results: There are several problems in managing village funds in Kleseon village, such as delays in determining the program to inefficient reporting. The inhibiting factors for the accountability of village financial management in Kleseleon village are (1) delays in village annual development planning, (2) human resources, (3) facilities, (4) delays in budget allocation and (5) delays in the availability of funds, general guidelines and technical guidelines. Limitations: This research was conducted relatively quickly so that researchers could not examine more deeply related to the existing problems. Contribution: The research findings can be used as evaluation material for the Kleseon village government in managing village funds.
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